Polar Ship Design and Operations: Past, Present, and Future

Abstract

From an early emphasis on geographic exploration and exploitation of the resources in the polar offshore area (by hunting for walrus ivory teeth, seals, and whales), the focus is currently shifting toward the sustainable use of the Arctic’s resources. Developments in the Antarctic are mainly limited to fisheries, cruise traffic, and scientific expeditions. The focus in the Arctic is currently on using the Arctic offshore for fisheries, transport of oil and gas products, cargo traffic, and leisure (cruise traffic) in a safe and environmentally sustainable way. During this process, maritime operations have become relatively safe due to the introduction of international codes for the design and strengthening of polar vessels (ice class), the rules of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), and in particular the requirements for training of polar crew members. The continuous work to align the classification societies’ rules for ships in polar regions is a step toward improved safety for sailing in these regions. Safety for crew members and passengers has also improved through the use of modern communications systems (particularly satellite navigation) and the availability of ships and helicopters to support search and rescue (SAR) operations.