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dc.contributor.authorLog, Torgrim
dc.date.accessioned2021-10-14T09:15:55Z
dc.date.available2021-10-14T09:15:55Z
dc.date.created2021-09-02T22:04:47Z
dc.date.issued2021
dc.identifier.citationLog, T. (2021). Analysis of expected skin burns from accepted process flare heat radiation levels to public passersby. Energies, 14(17), 5474.en_US
dc.identifier.issn1996-1073
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11250/2818468
dc.description.abstractHot flaring, even from quite high flare stacks, may result in significant heat radiation outside a facility to, e.g., public roads where random passersby may be exposed. The present study suggests a novel method for analyzing a typical flare heat radiation exposure and investigates skin burns that may be inflicted on an exposed person if a facility needs to depressurize in an emergency situation. A typical radiation field from an ignited natural gas vent was taken as the boundary condition, and these values were compared to radiation levels mentioned by the American Petroleum Institute (API 521), e.g., 1.58 kW/m2 and above. Due to facility perimeter fences along roads in larger industry areas, it was assumed that an exposed person may flee along a road rather than in the ideal direction away from the flare. It was assumed that naked skin, e.g., a bare shoulder or a bald head is exposed. The Pennes bioheat equation was numerically solved for the skin layers while the person escapes along the road. Sun radiation and convective heat exchange to the ambient air were included, and the subsequent skin injury was calculated based on the temperature development in the basal layer. Parameters affecting burn severity, such as heat radiation, solar radiation, and convective heat transfer coefficient, were analyzed. For small flares and ignited small cold vents, no skin burn would be expected for 1.58 kW/m2 or 3.16 kW/m2 maximum heat radiation at the skin surface. However, higher flare rates corresponding to, e.g., 4.0 kW/m2 maximum flare heat radiation to the skin, resulted both in higher basal layer temperatures and longer exposure time, thus increasing the damage integral significantly. It is demonstrated that the novel approach works well. In future studies, it may, e.g., be extended to cover escape through partly shielded escape routes.en_US
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherMDPIen_US
dc.rightsNavngivelse 4.0 Internasjonal*
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.no*
dc.subjectnatural gas flaringen_US
dc.subjectpassersbyen_US
dc.subjectradiant heat exposureen_US
dc.subjectskin burnsen_US
dc.subjectmodelingen_US
dc.titleAnalysis of Expected Skin Burns from Accepted Process Flare Heat Radiation Levels to Public Passersbyen_US
dc.typePeer revieweden_US
dc.typeJournal articleen_US
dc.description.versionpublishedVersionen_US
dc.rights.holder© 2021 by the authoren_US
dc.source.volume14en_US
dc.source.journalEnergiesen_US
dc.source.issue17en_US
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/en14175474
dc.identifier.cristin1930997
cristin.ispublishedtrue
cristin.fulltextoriginal
cristin.qualitycode1


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Navngivelse 4.0 Internasjonal
Except where otherwise noted, this item's license is described as Navngivelse 4.0 Internasjonal